Several factors such as haphazard nutrient mining, water limitation, accumulation of noxious xenobiotic compounds in the soil, soil corrosion and climate change have deteriorated the quality and fertility of agricultural land ( Singh, 2014). Nevertheless, a production system which has a higher productivity but requires a small land area and time for cultivation would be the requirement of the future agriculture. The range of non-conventional biotechnological measures involving improvement in CO 2 fixation efficiency of crop plants can be used to enhance the food productivity per hectare of agricultural land ( Parry and Hawkesford, 2010 Parry et al., 2011).
The productivity gains resulted from the “Green Revolution” have essentially reached a plateau, and feeding the increased global population is further challenged by limited availability of agriculture land. To overcome this challenge, the World Health Organization has suggested a doubling of food production by 2050, while the United Nations have suggested a 50% increase in global food production by 2030. This increase in global population is associated with increased demand of food security in future. The human population of our planet is projected to reach ~9.7 billion by 2050, and majority of this increased population would be contributed by developing countries of Asia and Africa ( DESA UN, 2015). We also describe different large-scale cultivation systems for cyanobacterial farming and discuss their merits and demerits in terms of economic profitability. In this review, we provide details on different aspects of cyanobacterial system that can help in developing sustainable agricultural practices. However, utilization of cyanobacteria for resolving the abovementioned problems is subjected to economic viability. Additionally, cyanobacterial farming helps in decreasing the level of greenhouse gas, i.e., CO 2, and it can be also used for removing various contaminants from wastewater and soil. Therefore, cyanobacterial farming is proposed as environment friendly sustainable agricultural practice which can produce biomass of very high value. Cyanobacterial biomass can be used for the production of food, energy, biofertilizers, secondary metabolites of nutritional, cosmetics, and medicinal importance. During conversion of radiant energy into chemical energy, these biological systems produce oxygen as a by-product. Cyanobacteria have recently emerged as potential candidates who can fulfill abovementioned needs due to their ability to efficiently harvest solar energy and convert it into biomass by simple utilization of CO 2, water and nutrients. Sustainable supply of food and energy without posing any threat to environment is the current demand of our society in view of continuous increase in global human population and depletion of natural resources of energy. 2Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.1Laboratory of Photobiology and Molecular Microbiology, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.To obtain information on the latest travel protocols that are being implemented in the Dominican Republic related to COVID-19 click here.Jainendra Pathak 1 Rajneesh 1 Pankaj K. Passengers who present a vaccination card no less than three weeks after the last dose was placed or a negative PCR test taken within 72 hours prior to arrival in the Dominican Republic will be exempted from the random test. Passengers who present symptoms or whose test results are positive will be isolated and attended at authorized locations. All passengers will also need to perform a temperature check. Upon entry, airports will perform a quick, aleatory breath test to a percentage of passengers, and all those who present symptoms, upon arrival. Passengers will no longer need to present a negative COVID-19 test upon arrival into the Dominican Republic. The form can be accessed by clicking here.
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